Because of its top-notch needs and the internet continues to evolve at a fast pace, the computer network grows faster, and along with comes the cybercrime in networks. So, it is essential to know the protocols that govern the data flow in a network. In this chapter, you will learn about the most prominent network security protocols and their uses. The W3C is the governing body issuing the standard. A language for describing collections of preferences regarding P3P policies between P3P agents.
Description of a privacy policy implementation using the P3P standard. Lorrie Faith Cranor's Home Page. P3P FAQ. Answers to frequently asked questions about data privacy and P3P; from Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. It provides information on the tasks required, and gives guidance on how to best complete them. VPNs are not a silver bullet for security; far from it, but they can help mask your online presence. It is worth noting, however, that VPN usage is banned in some countries.
Premium, paid services are often more trustworthy. Free options are often slower and will offer limited bandwidth capacity.
VPNs cost money to run and so providers will also require users of free services to agree to alternative means for them to turn a profit -- and this may include tracking and selling your data.
Remember, when you are using a free service, whether it's a VPN or Facebook, you are the product and not the customer. Read on: Why even the best free VPNs are not a risk worth taking Best VPN service in Safe and fast don't come for free How to find the best VPN service: Your guide to staying safe on the internet Cybersecurity: Do these things to keep your business safe from hackers, retailers told.
If you're technically able, you could also set up your own private VPN. A handy set of instructions can be found here. The most important element to consider when deciding on a VPN is trust. Using a VPN requires all your traffic to go through a third-party. If this third-party VPN is unsecured or uses this information for nefarious reasons, then the whole point of using a VPN for additional privacy is negated.
Conflicts of interest, VPN providers being hosted in countries of which governments can demand their data, and sometimes less-than-transparent business practices can all make finding a trustworthy option a complex and convoluted journey. This kind of advice is repeated ad nauseam but it is worth saying again: using complex passwords is the first line of defense you have to secure your online accounts. The best password manager: Business and personal use. Everyone needs a password manager.
If you're willing to pay a monthly or annual fee, these options are worth it. However, in July, researchers found that one out of every seven passwords in use is still ''. By November, nothing had changed, with the worst -- and very common -- password options found in data leaks being "," "," "picture1," "password," and " It can be difficult to remember complicated password credentials when you are using multiple online services, and this is where password vaults come in. Password managers are specialized pieces of software used to securely record the credentials required to access your online services.
Rather than being required to remember each set of credentials, these systems keep everything in one place, accessed through one master password, and they will use security measures such as AES encryption to prevent exposure. Vaults may also generate strong and complex passwords on your behalf, as well as proactively change old and weak ones. It is true that password managers and vaults may have vulnerable design elements that can be exploited on already-compromised machines , but when you balance risk, it is still recommended to use such software.
Two-factor authentication 2FA , also known as two-step verification, is a widely-implemented method of adding an extra layer of security to your accounts and services after you have submitted a password. The most common methods are via an SMS message, a biometric marker such as a fingerprint or iris scan, a PIN number, pattern, or physical fob. Using 2FA creates an additional step to access your accounts and data, and while not foolproof, can help protect your accounts -- and password vaults, too.
Once they have secured your phone number, they have a small window of time to hijack online accounts -- such as emails, bank accounts, or cryptocurrency wallets -- before you notice your service has ended. In this time, attackers may be able to access 2FA codes. This type of fraud is difficult to protect against. However, one way to do so is to connect 2FA telephone numbers to a secondary number that is not publicly known and so could only become subject to a SIM-swap if leaked elsewhere.
Mobile devices can act as a secondary means of protection for your online accounts via 2FA, but these endpoints can also be the weak link that completely breaks down your privacy and security. Both Apple iPhones and mobile devices based on Google's Android operating system have sold by the millions.
Android has maintained the lion's share of the global smartphone and tablet market for years, but due to its popularity, the majority of mobile malware samples are geared toward this OS. To combat this, Google runs a bug bounty program and consistent security patch cycle for vendors. Google has previously said that Android security is now as good as iOS , but we are still waiting to see the real-world evidence of this claim.
The first and easiest way to keep mobile devices on either platform secure is to accept security updates when they appear over the air. These patches resolve new bugs and flaws, as well as sometimes provide performance fixes, and can keep your device from being exploited by attackers. The same should also be applied to your browser software. It sounds simple, but many of us don't do it -- make sure your mobile device is locked in some way to prevent physical compromise.
You can turn on your iPhone 's Passcode feature to enter a four or six-digit passcode, as well as select the 'custom' option to set either a numeric or alphanumeric code. On Android , you can choose to set a pattern , PIN number, or password with a minimum of four digits. Face recognition, iris scanning, and fingerprints are biometric authentication options found on modern iPhones and Android devices.
These services can be convenient, although it is worth noting that in the US, law enforcement may be able to force you to unlock your devices as biometrics are under question when it comes to the Fifth Amendment. We want to stop ourselves from being monitored without consent, but some technologies can be beneficial for tracking down our own lost or stolen property.
Find my iPhone is a security feature for iOS devices that you can enable to allow you to track your device through iCloud. The system also includes a remote lock to prevent others from using your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch in the case of theft.
Scroll to the bottom to tap Find my iPhone, and slide to turn on. Google's Find My Device can be used to ring a missing device, remotely secure your smartphone, and also wipe all content on your stolen property. The service is automatically made available by default once a Google account is connected to your device but it does require the device to be turned on, to have an active internet connection, and to have both location and the Find My Device feature enabled.
Also: New privacy and security features announced at Apple's WWDC 5 iPhone security settings you should check right now Older Android phones will start failing on some secure websites in Google is creating a special Android security team to find bugs in sensitive apps. Sideloading isn't necessarily a problem on occasion but leaving this avenue open could result in malicious.
APKs making their way onto your smartphone. Encryption: Depending on your smartphone's model, you may have to enable device encryption, or some will be encrypted by default once a password, PIN, or lock screen option is in place.
You can also choose to enable the Secure Folder option in the same settings area to protect individual folders and files. Also: The 10 best ways to secure your Android phone. Rooting your device to allow the installation of software that has not been verified by vendors or made available in official app stores has security ramifications. You may not only invalidate your warranty but also open up your device to malware, malicious apps, and data theft. The malware specifically targeted jailbroken iOS devices, leading to the theft of , Apple accounts and their passwords.
A new iOS jailbreak method was released in May. Also: iOS 14 and Android 11 privacy settings: What you need to know and change. There was once a time when Pretty Good Privacy PGP was one of only a handful of options available to secure and encrypt your online communication that existed.
PGP is a program that can be used for cryptographic protection, however, PGP is complicated to set up and use and there are other options out there that are more palatable to the average user.
Signal is widely regarded as the most accessible, secure messaging service in existence today. Available for Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows, the free app -- developed by Open Whisper Systems -- implements end-to-end encryption and no data is stored by the company's servers, which means that none of your conversations can be seized or read by law enforcement or hackers. In order to use the service, you will need to tie a phone number to the app.
You can also use Signal to replace traditional SMS messaging, but the same encryption and protections do not apply unless both recipients are using the app.
WhatsApp is an alternative messaging app, which completed a rollout of end-to-end encryption across all compatible devices in Available for Android, iOS, Windows Phone, macOS, Windows, and desktop, the messaging app is a simple and secure means to conduct chats between either a single recipient or a group.
Having grown even more popular in recent years -- perhaps more so as a way for colleagues to communicate while they work from home -- and now boasting over one billion users, WhatsApp is certainly worth downloading to replace traditional chat apps. However, to tighten things up, make sure you visit the Chat Backup option in "Chats" and turn it off. Apple's iMessage, a communications platform that comes with Mac and iOS products, is another option if you want to secure and protect your digital communications.
Messages are encrypted on your devices via a private key and cannot be accessed without a passcode. However, if you choose to back up your data to iCloud, a copy of the key protecting these conversations is also stored. In order to keep your messages truly private, turn off the backup option. Apple will then generate an on-device key to protect your messages and this is not stored by the company.
Other schemes allow opt-in and opt-out, such as movie or television ratings--but the entertainment industry as a whole adopted them in direct response to the threat of worse from government. These systems are not entirely satisfactory, as they involve central rating systems rather than a diversity of opinion and enforcement. In many cases, BCG found, there is some complementary sector that forces self-regulation: In the case of movies, it was the theater owners; in the case of Underwriters Lab, it was first insurance companies and then retailers.
For BPA International formerly the Business Publishers Association , which audits business publications, advertising agencies forced regular auditing of circulation and other claims.
Other possible players include the credit card vendors or newer payment and verification systems, on the one hand, and accounting firms on the other. Is this enough to force the issue? However, credit card companies are not so enthusiastic. They and their partner banks have significant interests in the use and exchange of customer information. To some extent, most major vendors and financial companies would not mind strong privacy-protection practices as long as their competitors were hampered by the same restrictions.
It's simply that no one wants to go first. Among the merchants--potential logo-posters--themselves, what kind of firms are most enthusiastic about eTRUST? Primarily smaller, less-known firms who ask customers personal questions about finances, health and the like.
Unfortunately, those middle-market firms don't have large budgets to spend on auditing. Nor are they influential in persuading other firms to follow suit. Larger firms with existing customer bases and reputations don't need eTRUST and P3 so much; the truly bad actors don't want them.
For the larger firms it's not merely a question of brand recognition and size. Big firms with good reputations are also likely to have a lot of data from other sources, and they may not want to apply different standards for Web-source data.
Nor do they necessarily want to adopt the same standards they use for Website data for all their data. They may not want to go through the expense and hassle of a privacy audit without a clear idea of how it might benefit their business. Yes, Amazon may be more influential on the Net than, say, Borders; on the other hand, traditional merchants may be much more influential among customers new to the Net.
The trick is to persuade merchants of all sizes that privacy is a compelling and vital marketing issue. There are two groups that can deliver this message most effectively: the accounting firms who see privacy attestation as a business opportunity; and customers themselvesassuming that the message is true. Little can be done without a clear customer benefit. So BCG is trying to discover just what concerns consumers about privacy--which is often confused with security.
Consumers say they would be a lot more active on the Net if there were privacy, but what does that mean? Are they afraid of having a credit card stolen? Do they simply want to know what happens to their data, or do they actually want to stop its spread? In fact, their answers vary a lot--by vendor, by kind of data and subjectively. How much do they want that loan? Are they in a good mood?
How do we get people who don't necessarily care about privacy to do so? How can we take the generalized resistance to the Net, sharpen it into privacy concerns, and then assuage those concerns with eTRUST? Indeed, should we? Or are we simply creating spurious needs to fill? Yes, we should. Everything tells us that customers feel more and more bewildered by the array of choices facing them.
They may not worry about a telemarketer's calls, but they do feel uncomfortable at the prospect of giving personal information to strangers. They are simply two examples of the kind of grass-roots effort at self-regulation in all spheres that may well benefit users of the Net.
In practice, privacy protection is more than technology. How can we achieve it without making the world into a sterile place where everyone is anonymous? Customers actually like to be treated as known individuals by marketers that they in turn know and trust. After all, the rhetoric promises a global village, not a global city.
The following case studies show how individual companies can handle privacy issues, and present their practices as a customer benefit rather than a legal issue.
Their practices are still evolving, along with customer preferences and pressures from those outside hammers. Simply managing transaction data is simple compared to the privacy issue of running a directory service. For example, take Four11, a leading Web "white pages" company. The basic service is collecting and maintaining a database of individuals' names, e-mail addresses, phone numbers and other data.
The telephone data is licensed from Metromail; the e-mail addresses come from user registrations 20 percent and growing , public-domain directories on the Net 50 percent , and Usenet declining.
People are encouraged to register; you can also ask to be stricken even if you show up again from another source.
All this data is available to anyone who visits Four11's Website--but only a bit at a time. Aside from its acceptable-use policies restricting wholesale reuse and general abuse , the company has no hard and fast rules in order to be flexible enough to stop new problems as they arise.
For example, the company makes it difficult for users to collect names for mass e-mailing or for building any kind of secondary database. It supplies information only one e-mail address at a time, and it monitors user activity for unusual behavior, such as downloading one address after another. It doesn't care who you are, but it does care what you do.
Currently, when Four11's server detects such a pattern it notifies a system administrator; in the future, it may invoke an automated response.
Also, you can't find a name from a phone number or from an e-mail address; you need to know a person's name before you can get anywhere. However, that wasn't always true. The company licensed its database to Yahoo!
Four11 CEO Mike Santullo says he felt uncomfortable about the reverse look-up service, but both parties note that it was tremendously popular and did not actually lead to many problems. Both companies were punctilious about delisting people who asked for their names to be removed. Meanwhile, police departments, suicide prevention centers and other "good guys" made good use of the service.
But in December, in response to perceived pressure, the companies dropped the service. Similar information is still available, but sometimes from companies who may be less careful than Yahoo and Four It's a pity that such a potentially valuable service should be abandoned and relegated to non-mainstream providers.
The moral of this story-- which is not yet over--is that a little self-regulation or more fine-grained control over personal data may actually yield a situation where information is more readily available. But for now, it's all or nothing. That's the long-term question: How can you make information available selectively? Four11 is addressing that in part, although not with reverse look-up for now.
People willing to register with the service can get selected additional information about others; presumably, being registered themselves makes them less likely to abuse the information. For example, they are allowed to search the database for people by affiliation, such as Princeton High School, violinist, etc. This information comes from individuals and from the groups themselves; they in turn can specify what information they give should be made available, and to whom.
For example, a person's initial record won't show the schools he attended, but if you happen to know or guess Princeton High School, that will show up once you ask specifically. Some groups let only group members query on group-oriented data, so only PHS alumni could find out that other people are PHS alumni, or what year they attended.
In fact, Four11's business model includes support of such interest groups, even as it is also addressing the mass market through alliances with companies such as Yahoo! Yes, it sounds cumbersome and awkward and somewhat arbitrary, but isn't that the way it is in real life?
The folks at Four11 have thought about all this a lot, and will refine their approach as they encounter new problems and solutions over time, says CEO Mike Santullo. The main thing is to be aware of the issue. Narrowline is an ideal customer for a new-style auditing firm: It sells things you can't see, and part of the value of the service is that you can't see them--in the sense of protecting the privacy of customers. The company is about to roll out its service, Brought To You By, a trading floor for sponsorship of content and events.
Narrowline adds value to its market with metering and verification for the advertisers and privacy protection for the Netcasters and their audiences. Not only do the audiences presumably appreciate their privacy, but the Netcasters can also keep the sponsors from bypassing them to talk to individuals directly--unless an individual makes the first approach back to the sponsor.
Founder Tara Lemmey understands that a primary feature of the Internet is its support for reaching market segments, instead of broadcasting the same message to everyone--even if you don't know each one individually. But you can't do that unless you find and define those markets and figure out how to reach them in almost real time. Obviously the value of the service depends on rigorous integrity, both in guaranteeing the users their privacy and sponsors that they are getting the demographics they are paying for even if they can't see them.
When a customer visits a site sponsored by a Narrowline advertiser, the text and editorial come from the Netcaster, while the banners come from Narrowline and its advertisers. Narrowline meters the banners and knows who's receiving them.
It provides a barrier with assurances to both sides: That their identity is safe to customers, and that the demographics are reliable to advertisers.
What this means is that the customer simply has to trust Narrowline instead of all the advertisers he may encounter. The sponsors get demographics they can trust, but they don't have to go through the trouble of an eTRUST audit because they never see the data that only Narrowline collects. Narrowline's approach raises an issue that will increase in visibility as more and more Websites are acquired by other companies or join alliances.
Just how broad is the entity to whom you are giving your information? Can you trust it? Or is it really "they"? Many sites and services make more explicit bargains. Juno, for example, offers customers free e-mail in exchange for exposure to specific advertising based on the user's characteristics. The service has been a success with end-users: About 1. They do not have to have Internet access, since Juno offers its own local dial-up throughout the US, and they do not get Internet access, but they can send and receive e-mail across the Internet.
They can also view graphics-filled ads from Juno's advertisers and from Juno itself. The site looks something like a Website, and its ads look like Web banner ads, but the only people who can use it are registered Juno customers. Although the service is free, it's not quite "the people's e-mail.
You may not need to pay for Internet access, but you still do need a computer with a modem. But how is an advertiser to know this is true? The only people who visit are its own registered and profiled customers, using Juno's own software.
Juno has discovered that it can also sell products itself to its customers--a cookbook to someone who's indicated an interest in cooking, for example. She can send back a purchase order with ease, he notes, and her credit card never goes over the Internet. That may not be a real issue, but it makes some customers feel more secure. And people who respond to an advertiser's direct offer, of course, lose their anonymity.
Given that this is a free service, we wondered if there were any people who might be left out, if their demographics just don't meet any advertisers' criteria.
That could happen as far as advertisers are concerned, says Ardai, but it sends at least some of its own product offers to each of its customers. And it allows anyone to be a customer. As a private company, for now, Juno can afford to serve everyone--founder David Shaw's quiet little contribution to the public welfare.
It is chaired by the author. Still in its early stages of development, IPWG is discussed later in this paper. The only point to make here is that if rights are too concentrated, their owners may not use them properly--and the outcome will certainly be unfair. In the United States, information about individuals' video purchases is protected--the result of one unfortunate experience by one legislator that resulted in the law. On the other hand, data linking a person's driver's license number with name, address, age and other personal data is available from Departments of Motor Vehicles in many states.
Much commercial data is more carefully protected, but often more for commercial reasons than out of respect for the privacy of the individuals concerned. By contrast, the European Commission places strong controls on the use of personal data, to the extent that many companies find it difficult to do business across borders; they can't even transfer data about their own employees from one country to another.
A third class of users are the firms licensed by eTRUST who validate the logo-posters' claims, usually accounting firms; we call them "third-party attestors. Growing concerns about the security and privacy of telecommunications-related personal information are threatening to constrain the growth of electronic commerce.
Effective action to increase the level of confidence in online privacy must include assurance and monitoring through both active and passive means of the business practices of entities that have the ability to collect, use and distribute personal information. Without such action, numerous violations of privacy are likely to occur, damaging public confidence in electronic commerce and potentially precipitating government action.
The eTRUST model provides a mechanism for industry self-regulation that can provide public assurance of privacy. It utilizes an approach that combines long-term sustainability through industry financial support with consumer credibility through a process of independent assessment and monitoring of business practices. In order to be successful in its mission, eTRUST must build consensus within the online business community that the self-regulation represented by the eTRUST licensing program is worthwhile from a business and societal perspective.
It will also establish awareness and confidence with online consumers that the eTRUST logo provides adequate assurance that their personal information is being protected. In order to build critical mass it is essential that eTRUST simultaneously build customer awareness and merchant acceptance. In the short run, this will require that eTRUST obtain the financial sponsorship and operational involvement of leading business and government organizations that have vital interests in ensuring online privacy.
To that end, eTRUST welcomes involvement, support and sponsorship from relevant business and government entities in helping to build an effective structure for industry self-regulation and growth.
Electronic commerce over the Internet has been growing at an accelerating rate, transforming the once academic- and research-oriented network into a global electronic marketplace.
Participants in electronic commerce envision that this marketplace will be enabled by:. Consumer and business-to-business oriented online transactions in financial services, health care, manufacturing, retailing and hundreds of other market segments;.
Common technology platforms for security, payment, directories, EDI, collaboration and other essential services; and. A global business community with conducive legal and regulatory structures and standards for business practices. The new world of electronic commerce has the potential to make many existing forms commerce more efficient, productive and convenient.
It also offers the possibility of entirely new forms of business that have been impractical until now. The potential benefits to the US and world economies in terms of growth and job creation are quite large.
Electronic commerce is now at a crossroads as it makes the transition from early adopters to mass market. As the user profile grows more mainstream there is an increasing focus on transactions, leading to a fundamental rethinking of how personal and business information is exchanged and used. The growth of electronic commerce is in danger of being hampered by customer concerns about the security, privacy and content of Internet- based offerings. Concerns regarding security, privacy protection and content are further heightened by the growing proportion of children online.
Recent privacy-related scandals have helped turn trust into a key issue for consumers in particular. Results from a recent survey underscore that privacy and security are leading concerns to consumers. The current absence of privacy assurances exposes online users to serious risks of privacy violation. Privacy applies to both individual and corporate-oriented transactions--from information transiting the World Wide Web to the electronic records employers keep about their personnel.
Although commerce is a major driver of these kinds of information transfers, privacy issues also arise from wide range of non-financial information transactions. Direct marketers have shown increasing creativity in developing new channels to gather highly valued customer information in the offline world.
The Internet and the World Wide Web give marketers and merchants access to sophisticated tracking systems which are becoming the main tools for gathering and manipulating customer information online, and offer the potential to go well beyond existing practices.
These powerful new tools also offer the opportunity to misuse or abuse private, sensitive, personal information, often without the subject's knowledge or consent. It is important for merchants and other major players in Internet commerce to put in place some system for addressing this customer concern both to further the development of online transactions and to obviate potential government regulatory intrusion in the electronic marketplace.
Considerable effort is being devoted to developing technologies that will ensure security for online transactions. But technology-oriented approaches alone do not represent an adequate solution for privacy concerns, because assurance of privacy requires analysis and monitoring of vendors' business practices in order to be effective and credible with the public. The organization intends to build this public trust and confidence through a system of "trustmarks", or logos, covering issues of concern to end users.
The "trustmarks" will be backed by an accreditation procedure with guidelines for businesses and organizations who license them. The eTRUST concept is modeled on approaches that have proven effective in the self-regulation of other industries, and includes:. A branded, integrated system of"trustmarks" which represents assurance of privacy and transactional security.
These "trustmarks" are backed by an accreditation procedure with guidelines and standards for businesses or organizations who license them. A scalable system for the components of the program, including the compliance process, based on the different types and sizes of businesses and organizations and the changing marketplace.
An open process and infrastructure for establishing and modifying guidelines as market needs change.
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